Control and Coordination Class 10 CBSE Science Notes biology Chapter 7

 

Control and Coordination Class 10
CBSE Science Notes biology Chapter 7 

➣  Coordination-The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper manner to produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination.

➣  Stimulus- The changes in the environment to which an organism responds and reacts is called Stimulus

➣  Control & coordination in animals- takes place by (i) Nervous system & (ii) Endocrine system

➣  Nervous system
Stimulus → Receptor organ →  Sensory nerve → Brain/Spinal cord
↓ Response  ← Effector organ   ←  Motor nerve

➣    Endocrine system
Stimulus → Endocrine organ →  Secrete hormone → Hormone in blood ↓
Response  ←  Target organ

➣ Parts of the Nervous system –
(i) Brain  (ii) Spinal cord  (iii) Nerves (Neurons)

➣  A Neuron is the structural & functional unit of Nervous system

➣  Parts of a neuron-
(i) Dendrites  (ii)  Cell body (iii) Axon

➣  Synapse- Space/junction between two adjacent nerves is called Synapse.

➣  Passing of information takes place –
(i) By Electric impulse (inside the neuron) and
(ii) In the form of chemicals (At synapse)

➣  Reflex action- Spontaneous, involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus to protect us from harmful situations. Eg. On touching a hot object unknowingly we instantly withdraw our hand.

➣  Reflex arc- The pathway of the reflex action is called Reflex arc.
Stimulus → Receptor organ →  Sensory nerve → Spinal cord →Effector organ→  Response

Refer to figure 7.2 page no. 117 of N.C.E.R.T  Text book)

➣  Nervous system-
(1)  Central Nervous system (CNS)
(2) Peripheral Nervous system(PNS)
(i) Brain                              (i)  Autonomic Nervous system
(ii)  Spinal cord                    (ii)  Voluntary Nervous system

➣  Brain 
(i)  Centre of coordination of all activities
(ii)  Thinking is involved
(iii) Complex process

➣  Parts of brain-     

  Refer to figure 7.3 page no. 118 of N.C.E.R.T  Text book

Fore brain	Mid brain	Hind brain
(i) Cerebrum (ii)  Thalamus (iii)  Hypothallamus	----------	(i) Cerebellum (ii) Pons (iii)  Medulla oblongata

➣  Fore brain Cerebrum-
(i) Main thinking and largest part of the brain.
(ii)  It has 3 main areas-
a)  Sensory area- to receive impulses from sense organs via Receptors
b ) Motor area- control voluntary movements.
c) Association areas- Reasoning, learning & intelligence. Thalamus – It relays sensory information to the Cerebrum

Hypothallamus- It forms the link between Nervous system & Endocrine system

➣  Mid brain- It connects Fore brain and Hind brain. Controls reflex of eyes & ears

➣  Hind brain- Connects the Fore brain & Hind brain
Cerebellum – Controls & coordinates muscular movements, maintaining body posture and equilibrium.
Pons- Acts as a bridge between brain & spinal cord
Medulla oblongata- Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, etc.

➣  Spinal cord- Cylindrical or tubular structure extending downwards from the Medulla oblongata.

➣  Protection of the brain & the spinal cord-
(i) Bony outer covering: skull for the brain & vertebral column for the spinal cord.
(ii)  Cerebrospinal fluid present in between the three membranes.

➣  Action caused by Nervous tissue
Information  → Nervous tissue →  Brain Muscles → Causes action

➣  Path or action-
Nerve impulse  →  Muscle cell  →  Changes shape due to special proteins
↓
Action caused   ← Shorter form of muscles ← Change shape & arrangement of cell

➣  Chemical communication by hormones- (advantages)
(i)   Electrical impulses have their limitations because they reach only those cells connected to the nervous tissue.
(ii) Also the nerve cells cannot generate & transmit impulses continuously.
iii)Electrical communication is slower.

➣  Hormones-
(i)  are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
(ii) Are secreted in small amounts & may act in nearby places or distant places.
(iii) Do not take part in the reaction & are destroyed immediately.

➣ Hormones are secreted by- Endocrine glands & Exocrine glands

S. No.	Endocrine glands	Exocrine glands
1.	Ducts absent	Ducts present
2.	Secrete hormones	Secrete enzymes
3.	Secreted in blood	Secreted in ducts of glands
4.	Situated away from the site of action	Situated near the site of action

➣   Some glands which act as both endocrine & exocrine

Gland	Endocrine function	Exocrine function
Pancreas	Produces insulin & Glucagon hormone.	Produces digestive enzyme. (pancreatic amylase)
Testes	Produces hormone Testosterone	Produces male gametes (reproductive cells)
Ovaries	Produces hormone Oestrogen	Produces female gametes (reproductive cells)

➣  Important Endocrine glands, the hormone they secrete & their function

Refer to figure 7.7 page no. 124 of N.C.E.R.T  Text book)

Endocrine gland	Hormone	Function
Pituitary gland	Growth hormone	Body growth, development of bones & muscles (If excess- Gigantism) (If less- Dwarfism)
Thyroid gland	Thyroxine	Regulates carbohydrate, protein & fat metabolism
Pancreas	Produces insulin & Glucagon hormone	Regulates blood sugar levels (if less diabetes is caused)
Testes in males	Produces hormone Testosterone	Development of secondary male characters like deep voice, beard, etc.
Ovaries in females	Produces hormone Oestrogen	Development of secondary female characters like mammary glands, menstrual cycle, maintenance of pregnancy.

➣  Coordination in plants- Only chemical coordination is present in plants.

➣  Tropic movements- The movements of plants in the direction of stimulus (positive) or away from it (negative) are called tropic movements. E.g. Phototropism, Geotropism. Chemotropism.

Refer to figure 7.4 & 7.5 page no. 121 of N.C.E.R.T  Text book)

➣ Nastic movements -The movements of plants independent of stimuli are called nastic movements. E.g.- Touch me not plant leaves close when touched.

➣  Plant hormones (Phytohormones) Examples-
1. Auxins- Help in growth of root & shoot tips.
2.  Gibberellins- Help in vegetative growth
3.  Cytokinins- Promote cell division
4.  Abscissic acid - Inhibits growth & causes wilting (falling) of leaves

➣  Important diagrams-
1.   Structure of neuron (nerve cell)
2.Reflex arc
3.Human brain
4.Endocrine glands .

➣  Important activities-
1.   To compare taste of sugar and food with open & blocked nostrils.
2.   To demonstrate the response of a plant to the direction of light. 3.   To demonstrate hydrotropism